Discuss the various roles of social work which need to be employed in addressing ‘transphobia’

Transphobia is a recent phenomenon in the forum of Social Work and inequalities; a term that's tagged on at the end of the line of inequalities faced by people from the differing community factions that don't fit into the mould of societal norms of traditionally white, patriarchal expectations. Despite the profusion of papers on wider transgender issues, there is a paucity of research discussing Social Worker and Mental Health practitioner interventions and their considered roles; this is given the emergence of trans issues in the UK thus highlighting the nascent need for debate. Consideration has to be given to the conflicts that exist on the use of the transgender label, and specifically how it fits in with existence of the bi-polar binary gender system (Monro 2002); practitioners ought to consider a wider remit that includes not just the traditionally considered core elements of transsexual and transvestite people, but notably, the three different spheres of transgenderism which embraces those who are biologically, socially or morphologically transgendered (Laframbiose 2003), moreover, the realisation that the philosophies and politics behind the issues of transgenderism no longer belongs to a small community that practitioners will rarely come across in their careers, but instead on a daily basis to a whole range of individuals that do not adopt society's typically patriarchal expectations of male and female, including those that fit outside the bi-polar gender binary system but who do not adopt the trans label. The new reality that practitioners face is that, daily, there is increasing potential of working with individuals who deviate from the traditional notion of gender binaries, including those people who arguably deviate to a trans role, but who don't adopt the label though non-the-less experience transphobia; a contradiction in terms requiring pause for constructive reflection. Initial stages of practitioner intervention In order to ascertain practitioner roles, there is a need for full appreciation of the barriers in conforming to the norms of the wider society in general. Traditional psychological paradigms are starting to move with mental health providers working towards de-pathologising trans individuals as having ‘normal' mental health (Cole and Meyer, 1998 in Raj, 2002); the inference here is that transgender is not a psychological problem, but more that the problem is handed over to individuals in society who fail to recognise the unconventional variations of gender roles and identity; a similar pattern follows with the social model of disability, which argues that it isn't the impairments that causes the problems of disability, but that the responsibility for disability is placed squarely on society (Oliver, 1990); I argue that this lateral notion is no different, perhaps pioneering a new definition and need for nascent debate for a ‘Social Model of Transgenderism'. Practitioners should adopt clear aims to apply the ‘core values' of Social Work (Thompson, 2000), thus ensuring they work within an anti-oppressive framework which empowers trans individuals to access a range of services to which they are entitled. According to observations by Raj (2002), there is the requirement to express an attitude that is respectful, sensitive, accepting, validating, affirming, empathic, caring, compassionate, encouraging, supportive, and mutually trusting and trustworthy; the Social Model notion mentioned earlier would benefit the relationship between the ‘service provider and customer'; Raj goes on to add that this approach ensures an honest negotiation for services that is informed by a mutual contract of respect and trust for each other; this is currently negated by the specific experiences of transsexual people in the UK who are subjected to various hoops to obtain the treatments they desire, as according to Eyre in her work for Charing Cross, she advises the need for gender identity clinics to become more client focused (1999), signifying that potential conflicts still exist between professionals and differing trans client groups who fear personally negative outcomes of practitioner interventions, an issue that should to be addressed to ensure that the needs of transgender people are being considered appropriately and respectfully. Roles within practitioner intervention The three main areas of work with which practitioners are concerned with are to work effectively and efficiently with trans individuals following standards of conduct laid down by the GSCC (2002), to work effectively with the agencies who can assist trans people and thirdly, to use a pertinent role enabling individuals to move forward with their lives, roles that are important to enable individuals contend with feelings of despair and a lack of self worth, some even attempt suicide; furthermore, according to Monro (2000), she broadly writes; ‘Economic exclusion is one example of transphobia, unless gender ambiguous people are able to successfully ‘pass' as male or female, are frequently victims of violence and abuse and like intersex people, are socially invisible with hardly any representation in the media, social policy and sexual minorities, and lack service provision in areas such as education, the family and the penal system.' If trans people regularly experience these ranges of prejudices, the urgency becomes clear for practitioners to engage trans individuals in resolving these injustices, therefore facilitating their rightful integration as equal citizens; furthermore, the ‘National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors' indicates that not all trans individuals are at the same stage of self-acceptance and identity development (1999); this suggests that there are issues to be addressed in terms of trans people's comfort levels in coming out and disclosing their minority status. Any practitioner's intervention should assess for individual's development in terms of their mental health, stress levels, self concept and access to social supports. Recognising that discrimination against trans people is pervasive in this society (T.A.P. 1999), practitioners are faced with issues of prejudices experienced on a daily basis by individuals which includes being denied housing, employment, medical treatment, legal protection or some aspects of ‘hate crime' in the community. During 1999, transsexual individuals met with key figures at a local health authority to look at patient's clinical needs as they would for any other group (PFC, 1999); this experience contributed to the development of initial recommendations to the Parliamentary Forum, which resulted in the ‘Report of Interdepartmental Working Group Transsexual People' in April 2000 (Home Office). This experience simply highlights how by acting in a significant ‘activist' role and engaging individuals in small, localised issues of concern, can prove to be a stimulating and empowering experience and shows how such efforts by trans people can be used to good effect in proposals for a national governmental initiative thus helping to further break down the barriers of transphobia. As ‘advocates', it is essential to recognise the difficult positions that some trans individuals find themselves. Given that advocacy is something we approach others to take on board (Scottish Executive 2002) trans people become vulnerable as a result of the transphobic prejudices they face whether on a national scale via bad media experiences, or more directly from incidents within the local community. Some trans people do not have the close connections of friends and family to give the support that is required. The practitioner's role in this case would be to ensure that trans individuals have a facility to speak out so that their views and feelings can be expressed in a safe environment without prejudice, and being an effective advocate that sees things from a trans persons perspective can empower individuals to make their own decisions, work a way forward and make some waves to resolve their difficulties. This has to be done on their terms and allows them to be in control of the whole process; for example, it is easy for advocates to do everything on an individual's behalf, though is it only true advocacy if the trans individual was given the power to decide whether the practitioner acts on their behalf, or acts as an influential professional enabling the individual to do things for themselves. Practitioners effectively act as the link between individuals and the agencies and resources available to them. An example of the work of a ‘broker' is perhaps that of the financial advisor, familiar with the availability of financial packages; in this respect, the practitioner needs to have a very clear knowledge of the agencies, services and packages available to the trans individual. Despite scant resources, there are important organisations including, but not limited to, the Gender Trust, Beaumont Society, GIRES and PFC, each offering specific roles to trans people. One of the aims of GIRES (2003), is to provide education on gender identity issues; they offer financial support for the educational work carried on at local level by trans people who are unemployed or on low incomes. Understanding the eligibility of these funding resources is just as important as realising the different target groups that each of the remaining organisations are aimed at. In carrying out day to day work, the ‘Trans-Yorks Project (2003) gives inspirational examples of work undertaken by trans people within Yorkshire and Humberside; Trans-Yorks is an organisation run for and by trans people, though needless to say, many lessons can be learnt from observing a project giving ideas for practitioners to take on board in other areas. The founding ‘coordinator' also acted as the ‘initiator' who was responsible for bringing together the components of the voluntary organisation in so many different ways, which ranged from providing a telephone support helpline, discussion e-mail list, resourceful website, newsletter, information library, fundraising and social events. What resulted was the development of a constitution and a committee of trans people charged with the daily running of the groups' activities forging what is a forward thinking voluntary organisation which empowers local trans people to partake in the wider community and raise their own sense of identity, confidence and self esteem. Much can be learned here in developing the same resources elsewhere in the UK. ‘Educating' others about the issues of transphobia and trans lifestyles requires practitioners to become fully informed; they need to be ‘knowledgeable' in order to be effective, and can certainly provide a useful role in highlighting to trans individuals that the problems they have may well not be of their doing; certainly, being ‘told' that they have been the subjects of ‘victimisation', ‘bullying' and ‘harassment' can be empowering, and moreover, engages individuals to realise that there are acts, resources and agencies that can assist in overcoming the problems they face. An example is that the Protection from Harassment Act (1997) can be a powerful tool in engaging the individual with their local police force to resolve issues of ‘hate' crimes that have been made against them. Issues arise if the practitioner is not able to communicate this information effectively so that it is easily understood. Practitioners are often engaged in an ‘Enabler' role with individuals; enabling a trans individual to cope with ‘transitional' stress from one gender to another, in being able to come to terms with, find and accept their own sense of gender identity, along with developing their place in the community is an important role to acknowledge. CCETSW (in Thompson 2000) explained the process of ensuring people have opportunities to explore their own strengths, and then break down the problems that they have into components so that they could be tackled more easily; this process will generally include establishing some aims and goals such as ascertaining access to education, obtaining and maintaining work, or simply finding new friends in the local community. Issues arise in overcoming trans people's sense of poor self esteem and confidence, and so counselling skills formed from social work theories can be used in collaboration with other agencies and community projects, proving of benefit to the trans individual. It is worth noting that the majority of trans people, once they have settled their identity along the gender spectrum, often feel quite happy and contribute to society; however, there are some individuals who would benefit from being informed about the benefits of social work interventions at a level that best suits them, but which does not oppress them into an interventionists ‘contract'. A key task for practitioners is being involved with facilitating activities with local client groups, thus encouraging people to bring their ideas together either in brainstorming sessions, or opportunities that contribute to policy development or new initiatives to benefit the trans community and self defined by the group itself. As the ‘facilitator' in these situations, the essential part of a regular role for practitioners. According to Iowa State University (1992), developing a partnership of trust and ensuring everyone is fully involved in unity to achieve an agreed objective is the most essential task. This is a process that worked very well for Bockting et al (1999) who were charged with the task of getting together community representatives to develop an educational HIV prevention package for transgender people; the effective facilitation of this project resulted in increased partnership which led to a more effective campaign working towards promoting better health amongst transgender people. As in any other community, conflicts and problems do arise, and one of the key practitioner roles in any case is that of ‘mediation' in order to resolve conflicts and problems not just for the trans individuals, but also those closely related to them; one example specifically relates to a call in mediation in relation to trans parents, their partners and their children and often, Social Work practitioners are called in by the Children's a Families section to make an assessment in terms of The Children Act 1989 and the Family Law Act 1996. According to Press for Change (2002) when a custody battle develops, the courts reluctantly award custody to the trans parent thus frequently place very severe restrictions on access, sometimes wholly forbidding access; this relates well with the fact that s.1 of The Children Act (1989) considers the interests of the child as being paramount and commonly, the trans birth parent will often feel oppressed and discriminated against; this is further compounded by the fact that the other parent and their social worker might assess that children could be disturbed by contact with a parent that has a trans identity. This therefore necessitates the role of mediation which enables the practitioner to educate and explain the situation to the close relations and friends to ensure contact is not lost and that access to their children is not prevented. In much of this, the role of ‘negotiator' is often called for, and is not dissimilar to that of the neutral mediator. Getting a consensus even between the different factions of the trans community, and the agencies charged with providing a service to them does involve fighting for a middle ground that all sides can settle down to in order to achieve a consensus between all sides; the question is, just what is there to negotiate? A look back on all the different roles that practitioners play will reveal the deep seated transphobia that trans people face in their lives, and in every aspect of intervention with trans people will mean coming to the bargaining table to achieve the one thing that trans people seek to achieve, a sense of fairness, justice and most all, the right to equality and respect. Conclusion Raj (2002) made some important recommendations in working towards an overall goal of providing a ‘transpositive and therapeutic' approach that is ‘trans affirmative' and which considers individual trans individuals using a ‘best fit' approach; the suggestion here is that rather than perhaps working to a gender binary approach, that instead a reflexive role be taken on which accommodates and appreciates the needs of the specific gender that an individual feels to be, even if it doesn't fit in with societal norms thus eliminating any opportunities for transphobia to occur in the relationship with practitioner and the individual Indeed, the practitioner can apply their role appropriately depending on the practice setting, and that the needs, wishes and feelings of the individual trans person are taken into consideration first and foremost, and certainly before those of the practitioner; Furthermore, the recommendations given by Raj are significant in that suggestions are given for ongoing professional development ensuring that practitioners are ‘aware' of current trends and issues in transgenderism. Not only will such an approach ensure a more effective collaboration between practitioner and individual, but also assures the individual will not only receive the best quality professional response, but that the agency can report an increasingly value for money service which responds to, and is accepted by the trans community.

Upsr, Pmr and Spm Should Be Abolish

In June 2010, the Minister of Education Muhyiddin announced the probability of UPSR, and PMR examinations being abolished. With the ever changing policies from the Ministry of Education every time the minister changes,(Kheru,2011) this news came as a no surprise. But the main issue still remains intact. It is not just the UPSR, and PMR, but should we just abolish the whole three main examinations, UPSR, PMR, and SPM?Even though examinations makes students focus in their studies, and can differentiate, whether they should be in the arts stream or in the science stream, these examinations only restricts creative thinking because it makes the students study only for the sake of passing the examinations and students do not study anything other than the topics that will appear in the examinations. The first argument that the anti-abolishment poses is that the students can focus in their studies with the UPSR, PMR and SPM examinations. However, students can still focus on their studies wit h the normal semester tests and yearly examinations.The normal examinations will be more effective because it will keep the students on their toes because they do not only have one test to pass but a monthly/ yearly tests/ examinations. It will actually make the students take examinations more seriously because the examinations would be treated as a long- term assessment. (Murali, 2012) For example, every month we have a simple test just to check the progress of the students, then before the first semester break and the year-end break, conduct an examination. It is just like our current system, just without the UPSR, PMR and SPM.The next argument stated by the anti-abolishment is that the examination is the only way the school can differentiate the students that will go to science stream or arts stream (Fared, 2010). But, with the long-term assessment, the teachers would know what suits them most through the results of the exam. The students talents will show in the results, whether they are more suited for science stream or art stream. The teachers will play an important role in the selection of students because it is them that have the most contact with the students.They should be able to tell whether the students are more suitable in science or arts. For example, if a student’s results shows that she excels at math and science, then he/she is suited more in the science stream but if a student shows continuous problems in science and mathematics, then he/she is probably not suited for the science stream. Thirdly, the anti-abolishment stated that the teachers will start being lazy if the three main exams are abolished. (Fared, 2010). With the long-term assessment, the teachers’ job will be more than enough.The teachers would need to pay attention to the students’ growth more closely because the students’ potential will be gauge only by the teachers so that to determine whether their abilities belong in the science or arts stream. T he tests and year examinations will make sure the teachers teach the students properly by completing the syllabus on time. The teachers also have to conduct other activities to fully gauge out the students potential and further develop their creativity and self-confidence with activities which makes them to be more outgoing and open-minded.Personally I think that the three examinations (UPSR, PMR and SPM) will result in the students to lack personality and creativity, and will not be qualified enough to fulfil future careers. The exam-oriented education system distorts motivation and learning by overemphasising the importance of scores as outcomes and measures of students' abilities. (Murali, 2012) This statement could not be more true, as there are many students which have excellent scores but their soft skills, like public speaking and presenting their own ideas and arguments, are largely lacking.Moreover, students lack the confidence to correct the teachers if the teachers are wr ong. According to Murali, in the article ‘GOOD scores, no life skills, â€Å"In my classes, students do not dare to talk with me because of the lack of confidence and intellect to justify arguments. † They are used to having blinding faith in authority, which are the teachers and the textbooks. They would not even think that the teachers or the textbooks could be wrong.Resulting in them being too dependent on the teachers and are not willing to do more than what they had done in class. To sum it up, despite the fact that examinations makes students focus in their studies, and can differentiate, whether they should be in the arts stream or in the science stream, we should keep in mind that these examinations only hampers creative thinking because it makes the students study only for the sake of making the grade the examinations and students do not study anything other than the topics that will appear in the examinations.We should take the education system of countries li ke US, Australia and the European Union as a reference because their system provides the students the opportunities to improve many types of their intelligence. The students are encourage to be creative, free-thinking, more tolerant and open-minded person. ( Kheru, 2011) Countries like China, Japan and Korea have already started to make a changes in their education system, albeit slowly. So, when are we going to start? Or are we still going to stick with the system that was created when we were still colonised by the British?

Friction Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Friction - Lab Report Example Static friction is the friction that tries to hold the object in position. A book positioned on a table has a static friction. The coefficient of static friction is denoted by  µ. Dynamic friction is associated with the surfaces that in constant motion with each other. The friction force between the engine rotating parts is dynamic friction. The major aim of the experiment is estimate the coefficient of static friction. It can be evaluated by pulling a box with known weight along a surface with smooth flat symmetry. The coefficient of static friction and normal force (FN) are correlated to each other when one surface starts to slide over the surface. FF is the frictional force that is in opposite direction to the tension force. Force of gravity tries to pull the box down and normal pull force (FN) in opposite direction to the gravitational pull force. In this experiment we have to estimate the relationship between FN, FF and  µ (coefficient of friction). Friction of the object is directly proportional to the weight of the object; as the weight increase, the force of friction also increases. During the experiment, the box with more weight required more force to be pulled from its position. It means that the weight of the object increases its frictional value. On the other hand, comparatively less force is required pull the small box. This estimate can either be wrong as heavier weights require more force in general. Coefficient of friction also increases as the weight increases. We have estimated the ratio of FF and FN and found that as the weight of an object increases, the coefficient of friction also increases. The other observation is that the surface area of the object in contact with the other surface also influences frictional force on the object. In our experiment, the box with more weight has more surface area in contact with the surface below and thus produced more friction. On the other hand, the object

Financial statements and accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial statements and accounting - Essay Example Financial statements and accounting Firms may also prepare other types of statements such as the statement of retained earnings. Financial statements are required to be audited by authorized government agencies so as to ensure the accuracy maintained in the statements for tax purposes. Auditing helps to estimate whether the table revenue has been correctly been identified by the firms. Audited financial statements are also referred by different other firms, banks and individuals for taking decisions regarding investments. It is important that organizations follow all existing norms are regulations established by the regulatory authorities while preparing such statements. The financial statements are prepared by referring the detailed records maintained in the journal, ledger, trail balance and other books and statements of primary and secondary entry. These records are then presented in the financial statements in a summarized manner. Entries which have earlier not been passed in the primary and secondary books of acco unts are recorded in the final statements by preparing an adjusted journal proper. Such entries have their impact upon both in the income statements as well as the balance sheet. Accounting statements are generally prepared using the U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) in most nations across the world. Many nations are also seen to follow the IFRS principles. More and more nations across the worlds are adopting the IFRS principles. At present, approximately 110 nations of the world adhere to the IFRS principles.

Study case (Information Resources Management) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

(Information Resources Management) - Case Study Example If we talk about the governance in any particular ministry or department then there is a need of achieving the efficiency in the processes. This efficiency can be achieved by implementing different technological tools and EA is at the top of list of those technological tools. If the Government or the CIO wants to make investment to increase the efficiency of the ministries then a better option is to develop the tradition of implementing the EA processes in them so that the investments can be fully utilized to achieve the greatest value. The suggestion of investing in the implementation of the technological tools and tactics is really a valuable option for the businesses. While implementing EA process within the departments, there is a need to develop an integral process of governance, therefore EA can be effective at its maximum (Grembergen 1). Architecture governance is really needed because it helps to manage and control all the processes and the activities throughout the enterprise. Many of the researchers define different aspects of the process of governance; if the enterprise fully implements all of these governance processes then it will be more effective and efficient from investment point of view. This may include corporate governance (which refers towards the streamline processes at the entire corporate level), technology governance (the advancement in the technological tools but according to proper resourcing) , IT governance (proper use of different software tools and databases )and architecture governance (whole ER processes). If all these governance processes are fully implemented in the EA system then it will be beneficial to get the m aximum of the efficiency of the EA system. The implementation of the EA processes can achieve the maximum of its efficiency in the capital planning process of the Government. The reason is

DisciplineThief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

DisciplineThief - Essay Example It is significant to understand that foodstuff is important for the development of the human body. This is a very great problem because the clinic may lose its credits and this is very wrong. When the company does not perform as expected by the general society, there is a likely possibility that it will fail. On the societal front, it is very difficult for a society to move ahead with these amounts of crime. Criminals are not well perceived in any society because these petty crimes are the ones that lead to even greater and more harmful crimes. Therefore, it is paramount to understand the best means through which to get rid of this vice in the company. The reason for eliminating this crime is that despite the fact that it does not hold a direct effect on a person it has indirect effects. There is also the analysis of the problem that is very effective in ensuring that it is completely eliminated. In this case, the most important step to take is understanding the major causes of the problems. The reason as to why the employees feel inclined to steal from the company is the laxity in the management of the organization. As witnessed, the chief accountant is a regular drunk that makes him an easy target from the manner in which he is not always aware of the activities in the company (Osland, 1997). A major cause of the problem is the attitude of the accountant. The accountant is rather harsh to the employees and this is from the manner in which he even addresses them. This is a reason that may make the employees get a sense of rebellion and want not to feel intimidated. They carry out their rebellion by going against the clinic’s principles and deciding to steal. Maria also caused the problem by simply trying to appear nice to her fellow employees by offering them free foodstuff. This is a common problem because there are people that naturally feel the need to gain popularity and the best manner through which to do this is

What is the Muslim Brotherhood and why is it so popular in Egypt Essay

What is the Muslim Brotherhood and why is it so popular in Egypt - Essay Example It is worth mentioning in this context that the notion of Muslim Brotherhood has its roots in Egypt where it was founded as a pan Islamic religious and social movement by a group of activist Islamic scholars and teachers in the 20th century. Historical evidences reveal that the movement had been quite popular not only in Egypt but all around the world integrating more than two million Islamic members from various Islamic countries. To be noted, the movement was founded by an imam and a school teacher named Hassan al-Banna. According to the founder of the movement, i.e. Imam Hassan al-Banna, the main idea behind the initiation of the movement was to encourage the Islamic nature to dominate, rather than to get dominated by others. Although many experts all over the world believe that the organisation does not appreciate violence, it has many a times found cruised to have its linkage with Islamic terrorism (Tadros, 2012, pp. 1-15). It is in this context that the leaders of the Muslim Br otherhood attempts to advise its loyal followers to rescue Jerusalem from the dominance of Palestine which indicates a strong influence of historic event on the religious as well as social customers of the Muslim community in Egypt. This particular aspect however have been criticised to ignite the sense of terrorism among the followers of the organisation. It is further viewed that the organisation seeks to spread its teachings and ideologies all across the globe so that they can gain maximum number of followers which will in turn strengthen their power and influence over the world politics which has further been criticised as an aggressive political move covered with religious and social intentions. Apparently, the organisation works in every section of the society which includes schools, universities and professional offices among others. This aspect concedes with the aim of the organisation which searches for commendable position in all aspects of life of the Islamic people with special emphasis on the Arabic countries (Tadros, 2012; Leiken & Brooke, 2007, pp. 107-121). Correspondingly, the aim of this paper is to discuss about the Muslim Brotherhood in detail with respect to its popularity in Egypt. Discussion The Muslim Brotherhood From a generalised perspective, Muslim Brotherhood is regarded as a social and religious organisation that has its presence in various Islamic and non-Islamic nations of the world. It seeks to operate and show its influence in various aspects of the day to day life of people belonging to the Islam community, integrating all the Muslim like-minded people from around the world to regain the historical identity and a respectful position of Muslim society in the modern world (Aldridge, 2013, pp. 1-75). However, the concept of Muslim Brotherhood has a broader dimension. In order to have an in depth understanding of the same a detailed study is required. Hasan al-Banna was the founder of the Muslim Brotherhood movement in Egypt in th e year 1928. He not only acted as a leader of the religious as well as political movement but also worked as a guide to the Muslim community motivating his followers to regain the dominance and social respect in the world. The organisation can further be observed to have been built on the notion that by integrating the Muslim community people, referred as Muslim brothers, the organisation could effectively work towards strengthening the presence

Opinion Esay (Government) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Opinion Esay (Government) - Essay Example Most of the Americans wish to live without any debt and have the ability to retire at 65 years, but this can only happen if they accumulate large amounts of wealth. The American constitution offers equal opportunity to all citizens in achieving the American dream. However, achieving the American dream is becoming more challenging in the society today. The rising difference in the wealth gap between races is an example of how hard it has become to achieve the American dream. The difference is evident even in the racial line with the whites having better living standards and opportunities than the black Americans. The racial wealth gap in America is becoming deeper showing the inequality in the American society (Johnson, 2). Some individuals may feel to be in better position than their parents, but the whole society is experiencing increasing gaps in opportunities available. The gap shows that the future generation may not be able to have equal opportunity in achieving their

East Coast Insurance Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

East Coast Insurance Company - Case Study Example As per the facts presented by the case, the company is facing increased workload of healthcare claims with a dearth of adept and skilled talent. The external environment also does not present opportunity to recruit a professional workforce that could handle the mammoth task. No doubt, the Strategic Planning Committee has come up with a host of solutions that diffuse through financial, human resources, environmental and even competitive domains of the organization. An important and worth discussing factor in the present case is the involvement of a government agency, which can be an appropriate thriving ground for the development of the fungus of ‘non-ethical behavior’. Looking a bit closer to the facets of the presented case, it is pretty much obvious that the major issue of the company is its increased workload due to the shortage of talented employees. As such, it is a people problem and not a place problem primarily. Even though the office space is not satisfactory, yet competent workforce in place can solve much of the problems of the company. The major operations of the company are to process the claims, where the expertise of people is required and not magnanimity of the building. Keeping this in mind, the prime focus of the management should be to increase the skill level of its employees. Relocating to a new building or to a suburb facility is not the solution as it will only give rise to the greater financial burden. If the company relocates, the employees will have to adjust themselves to a new environment, which will further degrade the quality and the speed of work, which is already under investigation. Similarly, investment in new premises will cut short the chances of the company to look for educated and competent employees or to provide for the training of existing ones.

Pricing Structure- ABC Costing System Case Study

Pricing Structure- ABC Costing System - Case Study Example This strategy was mainly tied to distribution division and supply chain of the company and as the company noticed the profit of the firm declined they arose a serious business issue. The main issue here is that the company found out that there was problem in the cost listed in the clients account and hence it directed discrepancy in the accounting of distribution division which needed immediate attention. The current pricing structure employed by the company is competitive pricing structure. The competitive pricing structure is a phenomenon where the price of the product of the company is set keeping in mind the price set by industry competitors. In this kind of pricing structure the focus is on the attributes of the product, its quality and company’s customer service. In this case study, it can found that the â€Å"Formula Plus† service is imposed taking in to consideration the competitive potential of the company’s product. Calculating the cost of the transaction driver with the help of ordering and receiving material cost and number of purchase order.Ordering and receiving material cost obtained from page 4 where total of the costs of the Distribution division were mentioned. The number of purchase order was obtained from the page 6 where average total stock obtained was mentioned to be 350,000 boxes. In a company, the inventory or stock refers to the material the company holds currently in the premises in order to sell on a future date. Basically, the inventories of a company are associated with certain costs. These cost related to obsolescence of the inventory, the capital invested in the inventory, the cost of the space used and cost of monitoring the inventory. Inventory financing basically means the company get financing with the help of a secured loan from bank. The capital charge for a business is usually calculated by multiplying gross income by the denoted beta assigned to the business venture. Since Les Papeteries

Licensed Occupational Therapist in New York State Essay Example for Free

Licensed Occupational Therapist in New York State Essay Currently, I am a licensed Occupational Therapist in New York State. I work with developmentally disabled and autistic children in both a private capacity and within the public school system. As an occupational therapist for children, I have to draw on the knowledge of a number of disciplines such as cultural studies, medicine, sociology, and even architecture to best serve the needs of each individual. Most of this knowledge helps me to prepare the children for futures in the classroom and society in general. Each discipline area allows me to give the children the physical and psychological tools they will need. However, there is also a very important emotional preparation that the children need even more than their physical needs that goes into my work. Developmentally disabled and autistic children often respond to touch in order to learn. Developmentally disabled children need touch because often verbal communication fails them. Physical contact through massage techniques can teach them how to use the processes they don’t lack in to strengthen the areas they fall behind. Autistic children on the other hand need to learn to accept touch/physical contact as a means of communication. For both areas of my work, I hope to use the knowledge I gain through Finger Lakes School of Massage to integrate techniques that will benefit children as they navigate a world that is often frustrating for them as they learn to adapt. Professional massage training provides me with further tools to utilize in helping children lead fulfilling lives. The techniques that I learn will be applied in early intervention therapy, which provides these special children a head start on preparing for the classroom and other social, academic, and medical situations they may/will encounter in their lives. 2. The world is becoming a smaller place, or so the cliche indicates. Yet I have found within my own community that though the world may grow more connected technologically, people grow farther apart. Many individuals go through whole days, weeks, even months without human physical contact. We are social animals by nature; we were not made to live solitary lives devoid of touch. Human touch is necessary to our well being physically and emotionally, so without this needed touch, we grow more stressed, distant, and irritable. In addition to my work as an occupational therapist in early intervention with developmentally disabled and autistic children, I hope to use the expertise I gain at Finger Lakes School of Massage to serve my community. In both my occupational therapy work with very young children and as a message therapist for adults, I firmly believe that the combination of physical touch and massage provides my clients an opportunity to relax overused muscles and make use of long dormant muscles. Therefore, I would like to be able to offer my services as a massage therapist to the people around me. I have found that despite the vast need for such services, most communities including my own have very few massage therapists or simply none at all. Those few often find themselves exceedingly busy trying to fulfill the need of their communities because so many people seek out message therapy to ease the demands on their bodies and minds. The time used to deliver a massage is time individuals can use to slow down and care for their personal health and well being. Massage is a growing discipline that is attempting to fill the essential need of human socialization that includes necessary touch, physical release of tension, and an opportunity to just stop and relax.

Differences Between Linear Block And Convolutional Codes Computer Science Essay

Differences Between Linear Block And Convolutional Codes Computer Science Essay Generally the coding theory is the detailed analysis of the properties of the codes and their suitable quality for the identified application. Codes are mainly used in cryptography, error correction , data compression and now a days it is also used for the network coding.this coding generally involves with the linear block codes, convolutional codes, turbo codes respectively. LINEAR BLOCK CODES: In coding theory, the linear block code generally referred as a error correcting code for which the obtained resultant codeword is the linear combination of any two codewords. In simple words, the linear block code possesss the linearity property that is the sum of any two codewords is also a codeword. These linear block codes are divided in to the block odes and convolutional codes, eventhough turbo codes is the combination of these two types. More efficient encoding and decodig algorithms are provided by the linear codes when compared with the other codes. (http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/linear codes). CONVOLUTIONAL CODES The main principle involved in the convolutional code is the weighted sum of the various input message symbols is the resultant codeword symbol. This resemblance the convolution used in the LTI systems where we find the output of a syatem by knowing the impulse response and the respective input. So hence the output of a convolutional encoder can be obtained by the convolution of the input bits with the states of the convolution encoder registers.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/convolutional codes). TURBO CODES In 1993, turbo codes are developed which are the class of high performance forward error correction codes and they are also the first practical codes to come nearer to the chgannel capacity for the code rate at which reliable communication is still possible while a specific identified noise level is given. Berrou glavieux and thitimajshima introduced these turbo codes in 1993 in their paper named near Shannon limit error correcting and decoding : turbo codes. Once after the introduction of these parallel turbo codes many other types are discovered which mainly includes repeat accumulate codes, serial versions. Even the conventional FEC systems are also been applied by the iterative turbo decoding methods. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/turbo ) 2. CORE OF THE PAPER 1. PRINCIPLES OF THE LINEAR BLOCK CODES A block code of length n and codewors is said to be a linear(n, k) code if and only if the k dimensional subspace of the vector space is formed by all the codewords of all the n- tuples over GF(2). A linear code of length n and rank K is the linear subspace C with dimension K of the vector space where is the finite field consisting of the q elements. Such tytpe of a code with parameter q is called a q ary code. The code is said to be as binary code or ternary code if and only if q =2 or q=3 respectively. Linear block codes are briefly described by their symbol alphabets (example: binary, ternary) and with parameters (n,m, ) where n is the codeword length in symbols. m is the total number of source symbols which are used for encoding. is the codes minimum hamming distance. Linear block codes are of many types they are: Cyclic codes Repetition codes Parity codes Polynomial codes Reed Solomon codes Algebraic geometric codes Reed muller codes Perfect codes. A. GENERATOR MATRIX AND PARITY CHECK MATRIX Since the linear codes could be considered as a linear subspace C of , so any codeword C can be represented as a linear combination of a set of basis vectors such that , C= ++.= mG Where G is the generator matrix and m is the message. B. THEORITICAL CONCEPTS: As linear subspace of , the span of the minimal set of codewords can be represented by the entire code word C. These obtained codewords are collected and combined in the rows of the matrix G known as generator matrix for the code C. Theoretically, it is the standard form of is given as G=(/A), where is the kk identity matrix and A is k(n-k) matrix. A check matrix is defined as the matrix which represents the linear function H: whose kernel is C. The generating matrix G in standard form, G=(/A), with C as a code then H=(/) is a check matrix for C. C .HAMMING CODES Hamming codes are the first codes developed for the purpose of the error correction. These are widely used in digital communication systems. For any positive integer r>=2, there exists a [-r-1,3] hamming code. Example: given the following generator matrix and parity check matrix, the linear block code is [7,4,3] hamming code. G= , D. HADAMARD CODE Hadamard codes is capable of correcting many errors and is a [, r,] linear code. Hadamard code has minimum distance and therefore can correct -1 errors. Example  : The linear block code with the following generator matrix is a [8,3,4]2 Hadamard code: E..MERITS: Linear codes are the very prominent calss of the error correcting codes. It generally includes the simple description, easy procedure for encoding, nice properties, conceptually easy decoding. If C is a linear code then the minimum distance d(c) is easy to compute. Linear codes possesss simple specifications. To specify the (n,k) linear code it is sufficient to list K linearly independent codewords where as for the non linear code words generally we have to represent with all the code words. The most important linear block codes are: Hamming codes, cyclic codes, reed Solomon codes, BCH codes, LDPC codes, turbo codes respectively. F. DEMERITS: The main drawback of the hamming code is that it has the fixed hamming distance and also it is very difficult to implement coders for large block. The detection of two error bits and ability to correct the single errored bit can be obtained from the fixed hamming distance.if we choose a code which generally allows the implementor to select the desired hamming distance will be useful or beneficial. Hammer coder practical largest possible allows for codewords of nearly 31bits only. G. APPLICATIONS (1) These linear block properties are used in many applications. Trellis shaping is generated by using the syndrome coset uniqueness property of linear block codes. (2) these are also used in sensor networks for distributed sourcecoding. (3)by using these codes phase shift can be easily corrected and detected and also multiple signals can be easily sent from onechannel. (4) some other applications include mobile phone systems which are used in CDMA. (references: William E.ryan and shu lin(2009) channel codes: classical and modern, Cambridge university press.,Thomas M. corer and joy A. Thomas(1991) elements of information theory john wiley and sons). 2.PRINCIPLES OF CONVOLUTIONAL CODES Convolutional codes comes under a category of error correction codes in which an n bit symbol consists of each m bit information symbol to be encoded where coderate is m/n (n>=m) and the transformation acts as a function of the last K information symbols, here the constraint lenghht of the code is denoted by K. A. .Convolutional encoder To encode data convolutinoally, we begin with K memory reegisters holding one input bit each. Until other value specified , the 0 is the initial value af all memory registers. The encoder includes n-modulo 2 adders( it can be put effort with single Boolean XOR gate ) and n generator polynomials- each adder has one of them. The left most register is feded with the an input bit m. By using those existing values in the remaining registers and the respective generatot polynomials the n bits are the encoder outputs. By bit shifting all register values to their right and have to wait for its next input input bit. The encoder continues output until all registers have returned to the zero state if there are no remaining input bits. The below figure shows the rate 1/3 of the encoder with k value (constraint length) of 3. And also the generator polynomials are =(1,1,1), =(0,1,1) and =(1,0,1) The calculation of the output bits are as follows n1 = m1 + m0 + m-1 n2 = m0 + m-1 n3 = m1 + m-1. Img.1. Rate 1/3 non-recursive, non-systematic convolutional encoder with constraint length 3. B. RECURSIVE AND NON RECURSIVE CODES The above figure shows the encoder where as the below one shows the recursive one respectively, Rate 1/2 recursive, systematic convolutional encoder with constraint length 4. It can be easily observed that the input which is encoded is included in the output sequence also. These codes are generally called as systematic. The another type of codes are generally called as non systematic codes. Generally the systematic codes are always recursive codes where as the non systematic codes are always non recursive codes. The name convolutional encoder came for it because it carry out a convolution of the input stream with the encoders impulse responses. = Where x is an input sequence, is an output sequence from output j and which is the impulse response of the output j. The discrete lineaqr time invariant system is also called as a convolutional encoder. The own transfer function itself describes the output of an encoder. The transfer function is connected by the impulse response through z transform. + (Z)= +, (Z)=1+. The second order transfer functions are: (z)= We Define m by Where for any rational functional, we define it as Where m is the maximum polynomial degrees of the . And the constraint length is defined as . C.TRELLIS DIAGRAM A convolutional encoder is also referred as finite state machine. An encoder with n binary cells produce states. Just imagine the encoder which is shown in figure 1 has 1 in left memory cell(m0) in right one. We will refer such a stete as 10. By considering input bit the encoder at the next turn can convert either to 11 state or 01 state or 01 state. from the below figure we get rhe idea of decoding if the received sequence doesnot suit this graph then it errors can be obtained and we should select closest correct sequence. All transitions which are possible are shown as below: The red line is the path of the trellis. The lines their indicate transitions where the dotted lines are 1 input and the proper lines rae 0 input. The path here represents an actual encoded sequence. One of the path is shown in red colour as an example. The figure provides an idea about the decoding. D.FREE DISTANCE AND THE ERROR DISTANCE The minimum distance between the different encoded sequences is called as the free distance. The number of errors that can be corrected by code is given as correcting capability. It is given as correcting capability. It is given as, F. DECODING CONVOLUTIONAL CODES Decoding the convolutional codes can be done by several algorithms . thye vviterbi algorithm is universally used for relatively small values of K as it is highly parallelizable and it also provides maximum likelihood performance. By using SIMD instruction set the viterbi decoders are easy to implement the software on cpu and also in VLSI hardware. Fano algorithm is the best one among the several sequential decoding algorithms through which the longer constraint lenght codes re more practically decoded. Unlike viterbi decoding sequential decoding is not have maximum probability but there will be the slight incresase in the complexity with their constraint lengfht. Giving the chance to us the long , short constraint Length codes. In early 1970s these codes are used in the pionner program in Jupiter and Saturn but made it shorter, these viterbi decoded codes, often connecyed with large reed Solomon error correction codes which generally steeps the complete bit error rate curve and it also produces the very low residual undetected error rates. These both sequential and viterbi decoding algorithm gives the hard decisions..The codeword which is most likely formed by the bits.by using the soft output viterbi algorithm an appropriate confidence measure can be added to each bit in use with the BCJR algorithm the maximum a posterior(MAP ) Soft decisions can be obtained. G. POPULAR CONVOLUTIONAL CODES The viterbi decoded convolutiona;l codes is used for the voyagev program which has a constraint length of K=7, and also rate=1/2. The more powerful codes are produced by the longer constraint lengths but the viterbi algorithm complexity increases exponentially with respect to the constraint lengths , controlling these more powerful codes to deep space machines where the extra performance increases decoder complexity. Cassine probe, mars path finder, mars exploration rover to Saturn use of K=15 AND RATE OF 1/6, 2DB Bbetter than the simplex k=7, code at a rate of 256* in decoding complexity iss performed by this code. H. MERITS To correct the errors in noisy channels these convolutional codes are frequently used. These convolutional codes perform well on very bad conditions also. These convolutional codes are generally used often in satellite communications, mobile telephony and also in voice band modems. Convolutional codes generally gives good results in lower noise environments. Convolutional codes are also used in the voice band modems( v.,32, v.17, v.34) and also in the GSM mobile phones. I. DEMERITS Even though the convolutional encoder has the simplest procedure, decoding of it is very complex task. Convolutional codes cannot provide more protection against noise. J. APPLICATIONS Convolutional codes are used in the number of the applications which aims to achieve reliable data transfer, including radio, mobile communications, digital video communications, satellite communications. By using hard decision code, these codes are implemented in concatenation( example: reed Solomon). These are more efficient. (references: tutorial on convolutional coding and decoding, the online text book: IT, inference and leaving algorithms by david J.C.Mackay). 3. PRINCIPLES OF TURBO CODES By using the block code with convolutional code and also withthe longer constraint length and large block length it is theortically possible to approach the Shannon limit. But this approach became impractical due to the processing power required to decode. By using the recursive coders and iterative soft decoders the turbo codes overcome this drawback. The main aim of the recursive coder is to make the convolutional codes with shorter constraint lengths which appears as a large constraint length of a block codes and iterative soft decoder efficiently improves the estimation of the obtained message. The below shown figure generally gives the encoder for implementation which describes a clasiical encoder which provides the general design of the turbo codes. The 3 bits of the subblock can be sended by using this encoder implementation. The m-bit block of payload data is in the first subblock. The n/2 parity bits for a well known permutation includes in the 3rd subblock which is once aga in computed with the RSC code. The total number of bits in the code are . Interleaver is a device which generally carry outb the permutation of the payload data. This turbo code encoder includes two RSC codes (identical) , , as shown in the figure. By using the concatenation scheme these are connected to each othere which is reffered as parallel concatenation. Here M acts as a memory register. The input bits are forced to appear in different sequences by the dealy line and interleaver. The input sequence appears at both outputs after completion of first iteration [, , ] because of the encoders systematic nature. = = DECODER The serial connection of two elementary decoders is said to be a decoder. Generally decoder only operates on the lower speed( ) , thus it is planned for the encoder and is for encoder. The produces delays and also hold a soft decision. Where as produces delay respectively. The error bursts which are coming from the output are scattered by the interleaver whicvh is installed between between the two decoders. Here DI refers to demultiplexing and insertion module here it acts as a switch, it generally redirects input bits to once and to at another. It feeds both , inputs with padding bits( zeroes) in off state. While considering a memory less AWGN channel and assumption is made that at the iteration, the decoder receives a pair of random variables. =(-1)+, =2(-1)+ . Here is a bit from output of encoder and , are independent noise components consists of same produces a soft decision ie; ) = and pass it to the . generally referred as logarithm of likelihood ratio. The posterior probability (APP) of bit data is defined as which shows the probability of explaining a received bit as i. But where as produces a hard decision which is a decoded bit. Viterbi algorithm is unappropiate to calculate APP, it is not used in a BCJR algorithm is used but where as for viterbi algorithm is an appropriate one. MERITS Up to now, we know so many practical error correction methods but turbo codes and low density parity check codes come very close to approach the Shannon limit , which is the theoretical limit of maximum transfer reate of information over a noisy channel. Turbo codes increases data rate with out increasing the transmitted power, or to transmit at a certain data rate they are used to decrease the amount of the power. It generally produces the best performance results pof the throughput and latency. DEMERITS Its main disadavantage is the complexity of the relative high decoding. It also has relatively high latency, which is not suitable for some applications. It is also not verymuch useful for the satellites why because the latency is produced by the transmission distance due to the limited speed of the light. These algorithms are complex in nature. APPLICATIONS 3G and 4G mobile telephony standards uses turbo codes widely. Examples: HSPA and LTE . Used in media FLO and QUALCOMM Turbo codes are also useful in NASA missions such as mars re connaissance orbiter which is another option to RS- viterbi codes. IEEE802.16 generally uses the block turbo coding and CTC(WIMAX) a wireless metropolitan standard. Turbo codes are used in the designs of the digital communication systems and also in detection, demodulation. Turbo codes in the field of the error correcting codes represents a significant development. The cable transmission, short distance communications or data storage are the future applications of the turbo codes. (references: Berrou, claude; glavieux, alian , punva, near Shannon limit error- correcting, Berrou, claude, the ten years old turbo codes are entering in to the service, france). 4. CRITICAL COMPARISION LINEAR BLOCK CODES AND CONVOLUTIONAL CODES: Convolutional codes have a regular, natural, trellis structure which are useful in the implementation of the viterbi algorithm. Where as the linear block codes have a natural but it has minimal trellis structure. In both convolutional codes and linear block codes, the estimation of viterbi algorithm can be done by number of trellis edge symbol per encoded bit. Generally convolutional codes does not provide more protection against noise than the linear block codes. Convolutional codes offers greater simplicity of implementation over a linear block codes in many cases. Convolutional codes may not have minimal trellis representation but where as the linear block codes has the minimal trellis structure. The main differences between the linear block codes and convolutional codes is that a system which is using the block codes will transmits the k data bits and then transmits the n-k reductant bits. Where as the system which uses the convolutionla codes produces n coded bits from k data bits and the codeword need not contain unaltered k data bits. The main difference between the convolutional encoder and the block encoder is that the block code related not only to the current , but also on the previous (u) number of fixed information blocks ,, That is given as, =++.. With out the memory a linear block code is merely a convolutional code. The theory of the linear block codes seems to be degenerate of the theory of the convolutional codes, the usual approach of the convolutional codes is to note the small and fixed values of n and k and also the varying values of . TURBO CODES V/S CONVOLUTIONAL CODES: There are some differences between the behaviour of turbo codes and the convolutional codes. As we know that the performance of the convolutional codes imcreases with the increasing constraint length( code complexity). This is not for the turbo codes where the best codes of the turbo codes have the small constraint lengths . With decreasing code rate the performance of the convolutional codes doesnot improve significantly. Where as for the turbo codes even for the lower coding rates it achieves a very significant coding gain. While seeing from the implementation point of view, soft output encoders and recursive decoders are essential in turbo code schemes, where as they are not that much essential in convolutional codes excluding the concatenated configuration. Criteria Convolutional codes turbo codes Larger constraint length good bad Lower coding rate indifferent good Larger free distance good indifferent Soft output decoders indiffernt good Recursive encoders Indifferent good Both the linear block codes and convolutional codes are most frequently used type codes in the practice of enginnering for the designing of the most useful codes. TURBO VS LINEAR BLOCK CODES: The turbo codes are the hybrid model of the both the linear block codes and the convolutional codes respectively. The linear block codes used in the turbo codes instead of the convolutional codes to form a turbo product code(TPC). Two hamming codes are concatenated serially with the absence of an interleaver in between them. They can perfoem well in low SNR and can be formed by any block code. The convolutional codes used in the turbo codes usually forms a parallel concatenated convolutional code(PCCC) which have the small constraint length. They are systematic. 5. SIMULATION RESULTS The simulation results of linear block codes are as follows : The dual adaptive importance sampling (DAIS) technique evaluates the word and bit error rates of linear block codes down to extreme low values. (reference: Slin and D. Costello, error correction coding : fundamentals and applications). T,he simulation of the convolutional codes are as follows: Simulations with two recursive , equal convolutional codes with an interleaver whose length is 400 and k=50, this generally provides manufacturer interoperability, because this technique achieves the improvements which is over 3.5 dB respectively over the trellis codification modulation. (reference:Concatened trellis/reed Solomon coding in DMT systems- Kschischarg). The simulation results of the turbo codes are as follows: At a rate of R=1/2 the simulation results of the turbo codes are obtained. Here length of the data block is 400 bits( assumption) and also a MAP decoder used in the simulation. From the results it is observed that for the first few iterations yield the most significant improvements in BER for any given value of . After that the results appear to converge on to a BER for each value of . ( reference: Andersen JD and zyablov vv, interleaver design for turbo coding). 6. CONCLUSION So, hence in this research paper we have discussed the principles, applications, merits and demerits of the linear block codes, convolutional codes, turbo codes respectively. We also discussed the main differences between the block codes, convolutional codes, turbo codes and presented their respective simulation results. Personally, by doing this research i learned a lot on this coding theory and also came to know the importance of these codes in the present world. The future applications of these codes are to provide the substantial improvements in communication for the satellites. 7. REFERNCES (1) code tables: bounds on the parameters of various types of the codes. (2) q- ary code generator program. (3) error correcting codes (ECC) page (4) Wikipedia articles in corporating text from the federal standarad convolutional codes with a 1037c. (5) turbo decoding as an instance of pearls belief propogation algorithm,. (6) IEEE journal on selected areas in communication- Robert J Mackay, David J.C. (7) Turbo equalisation : principles and new results an IEEE paper on communications.

Thomas Hardy and Charles Dickens Comparison

Thomas Hardy and Charles Dickens Comparison There is a typical subject of destiny in compositions of Thomas Hardy and Charles Dickens. The two creators are practically identical in the way that their characters they would state notions of depression. Dickens and Hardy are different in the way that Dickens chooses the characters predetermination by the way the overall population runs, while Solid chooses the fate of his character by the indigenous natural surroundings. In the first place, Thomas Hardy and Charles Dickens have their characters encounter feelings like forlornness and this is a solid similitude between the two. This dejection is utilized to depict their destiny. A case of this is in Hardys poem when he says, I Look into My Glass Hardy communicates the characters destiny of dejection from the way he investigates the glass. The opening stanza of the literature says, I look into my glass, and view my wasting skin, and say, would God it came to pass my heart had shrunk as thin (1-4). The use of the water as a mirror for the character addresses the character being sad in light of the way that commonly when some individual explores a mirror they are staying without any other individual and in this way are destroy. We additionally observe this calculate of solitary Dickens compositions. It is particularly found in Oliver Twist when the storyteller states, Oliver cried lustily. If he could have known that he was an orphan, left to the tender mercies of churchwardens and oversees, perhaps he would have cried louder (5). Here it is outrightly seen on the grounds that he is depicting the sentiment being left as a vagrant. That can be relatable to numerous in light of the fact that many vagrants that unfortunately dont have guardians feel along these lines and he utilizes this to expression his feeling of destiny in Oliver Twist. In actuality the author states that, tender mercies of churchwardens and overseas (5). A distinction that can be spotted amongst Hardy and Dickens is their perspectives on destiny. Solid trusts that destiny his vigorously influenced by the earth one is encompassed by while Dickens thinks destiny is controlled by society and how it is framed and ran. We see particularly Hardy clarifying this when in his poem, In Tenebris, he exclaims, Wintertime nights; but my bereavement-pain it cannot bring again: Twice no one dies. (1-4). The character in this lyric is stuck when discussing his destiny because of his destiny, which as Hardy accepts, is controlled by nature. It really bodes well since they influences the earth has can change the way the character demonstrations. Then again, in Oliver Twist, Olivers destiny is pre-decided in light of where he was conceived and what he was naturally introduced to. In Oliver Twist, Dickens says, Oliver Twists eighth birth-day found him a pale, then child, somewhat diminutive in stature, and decidedly small in circumference. But nature or inheritance had implanted a good sturdy spirit in Olivers breast: it had had plenty of room to expand, thanks to the spare diet of the establishment; and perhaps to this circumstance may be attributed his having any eighth birth-day at all (7-8). Here Dickens is discussing the circumstance Oliver was placed in. Oliver was naturally introduced to a poor circumstance where he was dealt with inadequately. He was not very much encouraged, he was not given great garments, and he was not honored with riches. There is very little he can do in light of the fact that he is only a youngster. It is pitiful to perceive how Dickens thinks this is the manner by which Olivers destiny is depic ted in light of the fact that it is tragically valid. Taking everything into account, Charles Dickens and Thomas Hardys use of fate in their creations are both practically identical and unmistakable. They are practically identical in the way that they both use sadness in their works. They are particular however in light of the way that Hardy says that a characters predetermination is controlled by nature, while Dickens says that it is managed by the social society that the individual was actually acquainted with. Both can be viewed as genuine and they appear to be even more genuine through the energy of these writers works.

Vonneguts Cats Cradle Essay -- Allegorical Tales Technology Essays

Vonnegut's Cat's Cradle I believe that Vonnegut uses Cat's Cradle as an allegorical tale about what will happen to the world if we are not careful with technology that has the ability to end life on this planet. He points out one of the qualities of humanity; that people make mistakes, thus poisoning our minds and encouraging a better world. One of the obvious ways that Vonnegut uses this book to "encourage a better world" would be by showing that the end of world may come from an accidental release of technology. At the time when this book was written, nuclear war seemed to be an almost certainty. If we look at the number of bomb shelters being built and drills being conducted in classrooms during the late fifties and early sixties we would see evidence of that would point to the overall feeling in American society that the end was near. The nuclear genie was safely contained by the super powers. But I think that Vonnegut saw that all it would take was one small country; who possessed end of the world technology, to have an accident and it would spell the doom of mankind. Vonnegut writes, when speaking of ice-nine, that "apparently the United States of America and Union of Soviet Socialist Republic had it....understandably surrounded by electrified fences and homicidal German shepards" (Chapt. 110). I believe that he was pointing out that the super powers of the world who have end of the world technology keep it very well guarded against theft or accident. However, ice-nine was also in the possession of Papa. All it takes is one suicidal leader and one accident by the San Lorenzo airforce to release ice-nine into the world, resulting in the end of the planet. Vonnegut seems to be demonstrating that although nuclear weap... ...Cradle and The Damnation of Theron Ware? Question #3: Is there any significance to the names in Cat's Cradle? Answer: The reason that I ask this question is in reference to the Bokononist vocabulary that Vonnegut created. Only a man who could create such words as "Zah-mah-ki-bo" or "sin-wat" is bound to confuse his reader with such simplistic names as "Julian Castle" or "Hazel Crosby." Charles Dickens often would create names of his characters to correlate with their behavior, which made me as a reader take a further look into the names of characters in books that I read. When I read the name of "Jonah," I was prompted to think of the character of the same name in the Bible who got swallowed by a whale in the Old Testament. While the character goes also by the name "John," I couldn't help but wonder if there was some similarity involved in this novel.

Jason :: essays research papers

There is a place I like to go to get away from everyone and everything. My room a place that is mine alone and if my door is closed, then those outside have to knock to be granted access. My room makes me feel comfortable because it contains all my things and with these things around me, I feel safe. Three dressers line the wall opposite my bed. Two have shelf units above them, with a full mirror hung on the wall of the middle one. Next to the left most one, there is a desk, usually cluttered, and a bookshelf on top that houses many well-read books. There is a pink plastic dollhouse to the right of the doorway, next to my closet; once an everyday plaything, it now sits alone gathering dust in the corner. My closet is full of clothing, but also contains many pairs and sizes of shoes, old dolls shelved high above the floor, and a few games (most are either downstairs or in my window seat).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My bed is against the wall to the bathroom. The bathroom that my sister and I share is between my bed and the closet. My bed is very comfortable and cushiony. It helps put me to sleep at night because of the security I feel with it. A real â€Å"security† object, I suppose, would be the stuffed animal I received when I was born, a stuffed monkey called ‘Curious George’. When I was little, I used to think that if I did not lay my feet flat on top of the bed, wolves would come and bite them off because they could see them, so I usually had â€Å"George† protect me. Other stuffed animals in my room give me comfort still, even though I do not play with them as I once did, they provide many happy childhood memories.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A caricature of me, that was drawn when I lived in California, is another thing I like to laugh at because it does not really look like the person I am today. Next to that is a picture I drew of my two old dogs, who passed away when we lived in Switzerland. It shows them sitting on clouds with halos, looking down on us, smiling, as they always did. That picture is a real source of comfort to me because sometimes it feels as if they are watching over me.

The Ethical Values of the Music Art of the Ancient Greeks: A Semiotic E

The Ethical Values of the Music Art of the Ancient Greeks: A Semiotic Essay ABSTRACT: Humanity requires for its satisfaction Beauty and Good, that is, love, wisdom, and courage. Put differently, the necessity of order, equilibrium, and harmony. These values ground one of the most elevated planes of the spiritual life: music. Its moral force in the education of the mind, soul, and behavior of the human person has been emphasized by the ancient Greek philosophers. This important message exists as a pattern crossing the centuries. I will try to reveal the unity  ¡Ã‚ ¥ethics ¡Ã‚ ¦/ethike -  ¡Ã‚ ¥music ¡Ã‚ ¦/melos by using the semiotic organon. Suggested by the very remarkable interest taken in the music in the works of the ancient Greek philosophers, our attempt ¡Xa semiotic attempt ¡Xwould succeed in getting us closer to the meaning of what is called "the ethos of music" in the civilization of ancient Greeks. The model of semiosis allows us the investigation of the  ¡Ã‚ ¥sign ¡Ã‚ ¦: music, in its structure, in its act and its functionality which means communication and signification. Thus we can identify  ¡Ã‚ ¥the music-sign ¡Ã‚ ¦ through the expression of the sense ¡Xthe sense that "is conceived as an evidence, as the feeling of comprehension, in a very natural way" (1) ¡Xand through the significance. Thus, our guidance implies  ¡Ã‚ ¥sign ¡Ã‚ ¦,  ¡Ã‚ ¥expression ¡Ã‚ ¦,  ¡Ã‚ ¥signification ¡Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ ¡Xthe triad that brings together the coordinates of semiosis; defined, it, by Charles S.Peirce through the cooperation of the sign, its object and its interpretant (2) and by U.Eco: "the process through which the empirical individuals communicate and the processes of communication become possible thanks to the systems of significance" (3). This semiosis is put in evidence by different semio... ...f. Th.Reinach, La musique grecque, Payot, Paris, 1926; C.Sachs, The Rise of Music in the Ancient World, W.W.Norton & Comp. Inc. New York, 1969. (11) Platon, Gorgias, in Opere, vol. I, Ed. Stiintifica si enciclopedica, Bucuresti, 1975. (12) Th.Reinach, op. cit., p. 158. (13) Aristotel, Politica, Ed. Cultura Nationala, Bucuresti, 1924, p. 201. (14) W.Fleming, Arte si idei, Ed.Meridiane, Bucuresti, 1983, vol. I, p. 104. (15) C.Popescu, in vol. II, Partea 2, Filosofia greaca pina la Platon, Ed.Stiintifica si enciclopedica, Bucuresti, 1979, p. 778. (16) Platon, Republica, in Opere, vol.V, Ed.Stiintifica si enciclopedica, Bucuresti, 1986, p. 190. (17) Diogenes Laertios, Despre vietile si doctrinele filosofilor, Ed.Academiei Romane, Bucuresti, 1963. (18) Ch.Morris, Signs, Language and Behaviour, New York, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1946, p. 118.

Why Australians Should Welcome Refugees

Why Australians should welcome refugees The Australian Government and the people of our communities must allow more refugees into our country. They have no choice but to leave their countries and unlike us they can't Just get on a plane to another country. So why won't we help them? Refugees are often treated badly by Australians but why? Refugees offer a lot to the community, they are hardworking and respectful and they will also do Jobs a lot of Australians will not, it Just sickens me to think that people think they shouldn't be allowed Into Australia.Firstly Australia needs to let many more refugees Into the entry. Compared to other countries Like the UK and the USA, Australia lets hardly any refugees in and we have so much room. How would you feel If you were living In a corrupt, third world country dominated by call wars and terrorism and, finally, after saving up for your whole life could afford to get a ticket on a rickety boat with no guarantee of survival to a country that you have heard so many great things about, where you have rights and freedom and when you arrived you were put In a detention center?This is what happens to them, they get put in there for years and some of them never even get out. Detention centers are like prisons and we need to get rid of mandatory detention centers, a lot of refugees kill themselves in there because their family is gone and they are left there not sure of whether they are going to get out. In some cases it is finally the day when you are let free and you have all these great expectations but you experience racism and you are looked down upon by the people around you. Is that fair? Secondly it's not their choice as to whether they flee their country or stay living there.The reasons they have to move often include; there may be civil wars there, their human rights aren't being expected, they are under threat of prosecution because of their religious beliefs or their life is under threat. You think they Just get on a boat to come to Australia with no guarantee of survival because they feel like moving? Some Australians say that they should stay and fight in their own country. This is absolutely ridiculous, if you lived in a corrupt, war torn third world country would you stay and fight for your country being proud of where you live?Finally, in many cases when they arrive in Australia after spending weeks to months on a crowded unsafe boat often being attacked by pirates and then to be sent to a detention center for years before being let out and being looked down upon by the people of your community and being thought of as inferior to them for many reasons. How would that feel? On top of what they have gone through many Australians have the audacity to make racist comments towards them. Refugees offer many things to the community. Refugees are almost always hard working, and appreciative because of where they came from.They are almost always better employees than many Australians because they try much reader and don't take things for granted. Many refugees will also do many Jobs that a lot of Australians believe they are â€Å"too good for†. Many people say refugees are taking all the jobs off of the Australians however the reality Is that they take any opportunity they get to work and will often do Jobs with less pay, plus they are generally better workers so as an employer why wouldn't you employ a refugee as long as they had think that that we shouldn't let refugees in. The good that they bring outweighs the bad by a long way.They have to travel all the way over here for months only to be put onto a detention center. It's not their choice that they have to leave their countries and it disgusts me that some ignorant, inconsiderate people actually think that refugees should stay and fight in their own countries, but in reality they have tried. If they stay in their own countries they may die! Why would anyone want to stay and live in a place like that? Many Aust ralians even stoop low enough to make racist comments and remarks, after all they have been through. Maybe we need to be more educated as to what they have been through and reconsider what they think.

Yom Kippur Arab Israeli Essay

This attack not only compromised Israeli security, however the Intangible onscreen was Israel's acknowledgement of their own hubris that formed after the success of the 1 967 Six Day War. As such, this prompted the shift in government, which ushered in a new, more hard-lined political party who promised settlement of the occupied territories and most significantly, maintained hostility and negated peace with the Arabs.Moreover, the Yon Kipper wars contribution Instigated the beginning of a new mindset for both the Arabs and Israelis; the conflict thus become one of strategy and leverage with the West in the attempt of maintaining supremacy. Such leverage saw the Arab world recognize the power they had over the West, most significantly the United States as they were the world's supplier of oil. This as a result fragmented the irresolute alliance the United States upheld with Israel and achieved in the sense where it made the world question the problems running rampant in the Middle Ea st.It was also because of the Yon Kipper War whereby the once disenfranchised PLOP gained International recognition and most significantly, the recognition for the need for peace and negotiations was widespread in order to resolve the evolving Arab-Israeli conflict. The Yon Kipper war can be seen as a trigger that initiated a new, revised attitude in the state of Israel. Upon the conclusion of the 1967 Six Day War, Israel emerged as the victorious underdog who quashed Its Arab foes despite unrealistic, almost impossible odds.It was because of this mindset, this â€Å"adolescent† stage In Israel's development whereby the nation's vulnerability was exposed as they were essentially caught off guard. Nevertheless, despite early setbacks, Israel was victorious in the Yon Kipper War however, Israel now recognized their defensible borders which revered as buffer zones had not been as defensible as they were thought to be thus resulting In the breach by the Egyptian and Syrian forces .In the process of Israel's retaliatory attack, they gained more territory from both Syria and Egypt and In the process of this, 12 000 Arabs and 2000 Israelis were killed. The Yon Kipper can be seen as being an important instrument of contribution to the conflict because it instigated the removal of the moderate Israeli Prime Minister Gold Meir who was discredited along with Mosher Dana the deference minister for their incompetence in retention the state against attack. Pong the removal of Meir and her labor government, the right-wing conservative opposition party the Liked was elected In promised consolidation and settlement of the occupied territories which only further added to the existing hostility amongst the Arabs. Thus, it was through the 1973 Yon Kipper war whereby Israel once against emerged victorious, however now had a firm grasp on the futility of war and their precarious position within it. Ties with the United States strengthened even further as a result of this, and was welcomed by theUS as the nation was now seen as a strategic ally that was capable of defending themselves instead of being a liability as was thought before. It was through US assistance whereby Israel gained arms and doubled its military size over the next three years that resulted in the deterioration of Arab/American relations and most importantly, the growing hostility and antagonism that was being provoked in the Middle East. Seen as the mechanism that changed the course of the war, and the world's involvement within it, Yon Kipper can be seen as the main proponent that ransomed the Arab-Israeli conflict into a war of strategy and leverage.In realizing the dependency the West had in the Middle-East for oil, the Arabs recognized that in order to progress within the war, a new strategy had to be employed; one of â€Å"quid pro quid'. On 17 October 1973, the Organization of Arab Oil Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC adopted a Saudi-led mania Plan† whereby oil producer s would not sell oil to pro-allies countries, but would continue to sell to â€Å"friends and maybe â€Å"neutrals†. Due to this, the world was plunged into turmoil as global prices increased by 400% from SIS$3. O to SIS$12. 0 per barrel, as well as costing the US 500 000 Jobs and between SIS$10-US$20 billion. Such was the time where the world had such a strong dependency on oil, that it could simply not function without thus prompting the international community- especially the US, USSR and Europe to address the issue of the Oil Embargo. Almost immediately the SEC (European Economic Community) urged Israel to end its occupation of the occupied territory seized in 1967 and stated that the ‘legitimate rights' of Palestinians should be taken into account in any settlement in order to appease the Arabs.Henry Kissing – US Secretary of State also arranged a cease-fire between Egypt and Israel and placed a UN force between them causing Israel to cede western-Sinai in 1975. This was a great victory for the Arabs as they had made more progression through the oil embargo than through their countless attempts of gaining back territory through terrorism and violent attacks. The overwhelming significance of the oil embargo can be accredited with tempering the previously unqualified support for Israel by both the US and Europe.Essentially, without the Yon Kipper war, the Arabs would not have ad that final blow of realization that in order to â€Å"win back† the land which they claim is rightfully theirs, diplomatic measures had to be employed. In crippling the world of oil, the Arabs were able to gain international recognition for their cause and lead the world to question the situation of the Middle East and Israel's involvement within it.This change in psychology ultimately instigated the continual game of leverage between the Arabs and the West and saw the rise of the effectiveness of diplomacy causing more damage than ironically, violence it self. The conflict as such, matured uniqueness of the conflict now involved the world. The oil embargo can be seen as an example that initiated the concept of â€Å"maturing beyond fighting† which as a result, saw the employment of diplomatic warfare which auspiciously entangled prominently the US and Europe in direct economic and diplomatic relations and consequences- often detrimental.While Israel could claim to be the military victor, Egypt, Syria and the Arab cause in general were clearly the political victors. Ultimately the Arab states emerged as an economic and political power thus reinforcing the nutrition of Yon Kipper into shaping the Arab-Israeli Conflict. The 1973 conflict provided the initiative and realization of the need for a peaceful resolution. By contrast, success in the Yon Kipper war was seen as restoring Arab honor, resulting in far more public support for peace.Subsequent peace negotiations foresaw the Arab nations- even the more â€Å"extremist† and Israel to the negotiating table for the first time. Never before had negotiation between the opposing forces been achieved, however, despite the call for unity in resolving the moon problem, the act of negotiating drew a schism amongst the Arabs- especially Egypt and Syria as Syria was not interested in anything but the annihilation of Israel and as such, maintaining the conflict.One of the most prominent peace negotiations was the 1978 Camp David Accords, whereby Egyptian president Sad surprised the world by speaking at the Israeli Knees about his desire for permanent peace and so, he demanded the withdrawal of Israel from all occupied territories and in the process, recognize Palestinians right to self-determination. Sad himself realized hat in order for Egypt to regain the Sinai, diplomatic relations with the US had to improve to a great degree in order to for Israel to be persuaded to compromise.Such was the legacy of Yon Kipper whereby the realization of the necessity for political settlements was the key in preventing future war. The First Accord signed at Camp David was the â€Å"Framework for peace in the Middle East† and as such called for negotiations among Egypt, Jordan and Israel and representatives of the Palestinians people to settle in the West Bank and Gaza. The Second Accords â€Å"A Framework for the inclusion of a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel† however was the draft proposal peace agreement that stated the withdrawal of Israel from the Sinai over three years and the full restoration of area to Egypt.Yet again was leverage used in this case as in return for this, Egypt would allow Israeli ships free passage through the Suez Canal which was again in use after significant US funding. This form of negotiation between Egypt and Israel signaled the departure from the Egyptian mantra of â€Å"no peace, no recognition, no negotiations† to the full recognition of Israeli tattooed and with that, Israel's right to a pe aceful existence.This act of recognition was inherent as it further alienated Syria from Egypt as both accords while superficially promoting peace and gaining back territory, the future of Jerusalem and the Goals Heights were not discussed despite Egypt previous assertions to Syria who grew increasingly violent and hostile. As a result of the Camp David Accords which were a product of the Yon Kipper War, Sad was labeled a traitor in the Arab world and the accords in general were rejected.Pan-Arab nationalism was destroyed s there was a deep divide between the hard-lined and more moderate Arab nations, Jordan and Saudi Arabia still rejected peace with Israel as they had still not conceded rightfully owned Arab land. Due to the events sparked by the 1973 war, a deep schism was felt in the Arab world as Sad, the champion of the Arabs was deemed a traitor as he reached a superficial resolution with Israel in the pursuit of fiscal rewards and economic gain through the US- the main ally o f Israel.This divide within the Arab world ultimately prolonged the complexity of the conflict and subsequently rated a conflict within a conflict, that being Arab nations growing increasingly violent and hostile towards one another; thus contributing greatly to the total Arab- Israeli Conflict. In some ways the â€Å"winners† of the war the PLOP achieved in becoming the sole, recognized representatives of the Palestinian people and as such were successful in gaining recognition from the international community.This form of recognition, resulted in a shift in thinking away from ‘armed struggle' toward a view that diplomacy was the path to Palestinian statehood. Through the emergence of the PLOP ND their legitimacy, the balance of power shifted as Palestine was becoming its own independent fighting entity, thus damaging the image of King Hussein who regarded himself as the spokesperson of the Palestinians. This then forced Israel to come face to face with the PLOP and no t Hussein whom they preferred for negotiation.It was thought that as long as Hussein was the spokesperson for the Palestinians, Israel could claim that â€Å"Jordan IS Palestine† thus denouncing the Palestinian claim to the occupied territories and as such vetoing their claim to a statehood within Palestine. Under the leadership of Arafat, the PLOP engaged in various acts of terrorism throughout 1973 conducting numerous assassinations, hijackings and kidnappings shepherded by fanatics imitating Black September.This form of opposition to Israel was very unsuccessful as it outraged the world and as such alienated the West from sympathizing with the Palestinians. It was through this that the PLOP had to adopt more moderate practices and adopt the acceptance of a â€Å"Two-State Solution†. On 13 Novo 1974, Arafat spoke before the General Assembly of UN speaking on behalf of the PLOP and calling for a democratic, secular state in Palestine which did not include recognition and acceptance of Israel.Arafat famously concluded by saying â€Å"l have come bearing an olive branch and a freedom fighter's gun. Do not let the olive branch fall from my hand† thus foreshadowing the precarious future due to the instability of power and reason. It was through the catalytic realization of Yon Kipper, whereby Arafat did indeed note that in order to gain international sympathy and convince the rest of the world in aiding the Palestinian cause, peace through the form of policy had to be achieved, instead of the continual violent acts of war and terrorism.It was through the 1973 Holy War, whereby the balance of power began to shift as well as the psychology of the conflict which as a result ironically added further complexity as protest in the form of diplomacy embroiled the rest of the world thus continuing the conflict and its resolution to 1996. In conclusion, the Yon Kipper War is of great contribution to the Arab-Israeli conflict as it caused the paradigm s hift in the psychology and methods of warfare. This was hope of achieving peace that would satiate all belligerents.

English Settlement/Religious Tolerance Essay

The early English settlers in the United States were driven to establish a new society in the New World mainly for freedom of religion. During the 17th century, many European separatists seek for a new land to establish a colony. They settled into the New World where they can practice their worships freely. The Pilgrims are the first settlers arrived in the Plymouth Colony (Plymouth, Massachusetts). Since the political cloud of forbidding the kind of religion the pilgrims practice in the East Midlands of England (Netherlands), the religious worshippers was forced to settle outside their home (New World). The pilgrims arranged a voyage from the English investors to travel in the New World, establishing a new colony in North America. During their settlement in Plymouth, the early pilgrims experienced starvation, disasters and diseases. The pilgrims also experienced internal conflicts with the indigenous people. In 1607 and 1620, the English settlers were successful in establishing new colonies in United States, Jamestown, Virginia. It was through the Pilgrim Fathers which most of the United States culture has been derived. The Thanksgiving occasion, started from the early festivity of the pilgrims to give thanks for the things that one has at the conclusion of the harvest season (English Settlements 2007). The State Church During the (series of) settlements in the New World, England permitted only one church. Everyone was required to attend that church – if the English ruler is a protestant, then its citizens must be all protestant. The state church describes the government directs dictation of the kingdom’s religion (Cline 1). There was no freedom of religion in England in which, the ruler and the archbishop direct orders to every church in the kingdom. In return, any objections, questions and protests against the ruler and the state church, they were arrested, imprisoned and in extreme cases, killed. In those days, many people were tortured to give-up their religion, many died. Two major groups of believers (Puritan and Separatist) protested with the beliefs and practices of the state church. Puritan wanted reside in the church but wanted to reform its structure. Separatist wanted a total change in the state church. When James I (a Protestant and a Separatist) in the 1600s became the English ruler, opposed religious views was not permitted under the new king. Religious Tolerance In the United States (historically), religious toleration is permitted. Pilgrims settled in Plymouth, Quakers in Pennsylvania, and Roman Catholic settling in Maryland. In the New World, religious groups accept other forms of worship even they do not believed in it. The country does not persecute people from worshipping other beliefs aside from the state religion. Separatist Unlike in the Anglican Church (Church of England), separatist/pilgrims wanted to worship in a simple manner without any rituals. They believed there are so many things that must be changed in the Anglican Church. Therefore, the only possible way they can satisfy their beliefs is to separate from the Church of England. They consider other points of view, decide through the majority and believe in equal rights and responsibilities of each separatist. Their religion reflects the present democratic system of government practice in the United States. During their arrival in North America, the pilgrims were warmhearted, munificent, considerate and kind to the American Indians. In establishing their colony in Plymouth, they encourage the American Indians to settle in their colony. In return, the Indians help the early English (pilgrims) settlers on how to strive in the changing environment in that (Plymouth) place. The Indians taught the settlers how to hunt food, live in the cold environment of Plymouth and treat some of the illness present in the place. The pilgrims in return taught the Indians how to read, write, taught the English literatures, art, science and their religion (The Pilgrims 2007). Puritans Like the Pilgrims, puritans settled in Americas. They established a colony with schools, hospitals, government and churches. Puritans considered religion as complex and cerebral. Their form of government reflects authoritarianism. Unlike the pilgrims where they equally treat each individual, the puritans have a hierarchical perspective. They encourage the importance of education among children. Quakers The religious Society of Friends was a sect branching from Christianity. Like the other sects of Roman Catholic, Quakers disagreed to some of the practices in the religion. They separate from the old traditional religion and arrived in the Americas seeking for freedom of religion. Quakers believed in religious tolerance (Religious Society of Friends (QUAKERS): Quaker history 2007). Roman Catholics Roman Catholics believed in religious tolerance. Like the pilgrims, early Roman Catholics settling in England was force to establish a colony in the New World. Aside from gaining religious freedom in the New World the early Roman Catholics interests for economic opportunity and expansion of Christianity in Americas. The settlers were Spaniard colonists seeking for wealth, in vision of conquering vast lands in Americas as well as introducing Christian religion among the natives.